The face of nuclear energy is changing, and one of the companies working to redefine what nuclear energy looks like is Oklo. The 22-person Silicon Valley start-up has a plan build mini nuclear reactors, powered from the waste of conventional nuclear reactors and housed in aesthetically pleasing A-frame structures.
“Microreactors are an exciting innovation that completely flips the technology story for nuclear energy,” Alex Gilbert, a project manager for the nuclear power think-tank, the Nuclear Innovation Alliance, tells CNBC.
Historically, nuclear energy producers aimed to be competitive with “economies of scale,” meaning they save money by being massive, Gilbert says. That strategy, however, often results in construction projects being mired in delays and cost overruns, like the Vogtle nuclear power plant in Georgia, where estimates for the project have ballooned from $14 billion to an estimated $27 billion or more.
“Microreactors promise to turn this paradigm on its head by approaching cost competitiveness through technological learning,” Gilbert says.
Oklo is the brainchild of the husband-and-wife co-founder team, Jacob DeWitte and Caroline Cochran, who met when they were teaching assistants in 2009 for the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT) Reactor Technology Course for utility executives with nuclear power plants as part of their grid.
Very small nuclear reactors
Bill Gates‘ fission company TerraPower is already selling the idea that it’s building smaller reactors than are typically used in conventional nuclear power plants.
But DeWitte says Oklo will build reactors “far smaller” than the small reactors TerraPower is building. TerraPower’s main nuclear reactor, the Natrium, will have a capacity of 345 megawatts of electrical energy (MWe) where the first Oklo reactor, called the Aurora, is expected to have a capacity of 1.5 MWe, making it a true micro-reactor. (A 2019 report prepared by the Nuclear Energy Institute defined micro-reactors to be between one and 10 MWe. Other companies in the space include Elysium Industries, General Atomics, HolosGen, NuGen and X-energy, to name a few.)
Oklo plans to own and operate these micro-reactors, Cocrhan says, and customers could include utility companies, industrial sites, large companies, college and university campuses, DeWitt says.
“Today’s large reactors fit the bill to meet city-scale demand for clean electricity,” Jonathan Cobb, senior analyst at the World Nuclear Association, tells CNBC. “But smaller reactors will be able to supply low-carbon electricity and heat to remote regions and other situations where gigawatt-scale capacities would be too much.”
Because of their small size, micro-reactors are faster to build than conventional reactor. “Less than a year to construct the powerhouse is a conservative estimate,” Cochran tells CNBC.
Using waste as fuel
Oklo is planning to build a specific kind of nuclear power generator called a fast reactor that is meant to be more efficient than traditional generators, allowing it to get energy out of already spent fissile fuel.
In nuclear fission, when a larger atom is split into two, the resulting smaller nuclei are “going about 15,000 kilometers per second,” DeWitte tells CNBC.
“A ‘fast reactor’ operates in a way that does not slow down the neutrons, in comparison to ‘thermal reactors’ that contain a moderator, water in today’s reactors, that slow down the neutrons,” Marc Nichol, NEI’s senior director of new reactor deployment and the project lead for the 2019 report, tells CNBC.
Because fast reactors do not slow down the nuclei after the fission reaction, they are “harder to catch, so you need more fuel” to power a fast reactor, DeWitte says. But fast reactors are also more efficient with the fuel they do use, De Witte says.
The technology has been around since the 1950s, according to the World Nuclear Association. Currently, there are 20 fast neutron reactors operating around the world, and globally, Russia is leading the development of fast reactor technology, the World Nuclear Association says.
“These reactors have been built and operated before. So they’re ready to go,” DeWitte says. “In some ways, the story about what has been done with these reactors are very unheralded, which is really cool opportunity.”
One key benefit of fast reactor technology is they are able to use the waste from conventional nuclear reactors. They can “unlock the rest of the energy in the fuel,” DeWitte says.
In February 2020, the Idaho National Laboratory, part of the U.S. Department of Energy’s system of national laboratories which focuses on nuclear energy research and development, announced it was going to give Oklo access to nuclear waste so it can develop and demonstrate its fast reactor technology.
“Oklo is planning to use uranium recovered from previously used Experimental Breeder Reactor II (EBR-II),” Jess Gehin, an Associate Laboratory Director of the Nuclear Science andTechnology Directorate at the Idaho National Laboratory, tells CNBC. The EBR-II nuclear reactor operated from 1964 to 1994, Gehin says. “As a result, the materials, which were previously destined for disposal can be used to produce more energy,” he says.
“The reuse of materials has been long an option to better utilize natural resources, uranium in this case, as well as decreasing the amount of used fuel that must be ultimately disposed,” Gehin says. “This is a common practice in some countries like France but not in the U.S., as economics do not favor this path.”
There is some recent positive movement. On Thursday, Oklo announced a partnership with the U.S. Department of Energy to help commercialize the electrorefining technology that advanced fast reactors use in the United States. (The technology itself “has already been demonstrated in the U.S.,” Cochran says.)
Pulling more energy out of the fuel also shortens the time it takes the toxic component of radioactive waste to decay, DeWitte tells CNBC.
“It changes the waste picture as a whole,” DeWitte says. “What we’ve now done is take waste that you have to think about managing for 100,000 or a million years … and now you’ve actually changed it into form where you think about it for a few hundreds, maybe thousands of years.”
What is left, Oklo could turn into glass logs, in a process called vitrification, and burry those in deep bore holes underground, DeWitte says.
Oklo’s fast reactors will be housed in A-frame structures that are “ascetically pleasing,” Cochran says. Architectural Digest calls the building “sleek.” The A-frame design is also good for snow and precipitation.
The fast reactors will be self-sustaining and not require any human operators.
What stands in the way
Oklo has big plans, but the company still has regulatory hurdles to overcome, and some safety experts dispute the company’s contention that the micro-reactors can run without people.
Oklo launched in 2013 and began having discussions with the US Nuclear Regulatory Commission in November 2016. In June 2020, Oklo’s application to build an advanced reactor was accepted for review by the U.S. Nuclear Regulatory Commission.
However, “‘accepted for review’ does not mean ‘approved’ to build,” David McIntyre, spokesperson for the U.S. Nuclear Regulatory Commission, tells CNBC. “Before Oklo is allowed to construct and operate the reactor, it must receive a license to do so.”
The goal is to have “a number of plants operating by the mid-2020s,” Cochran tells CNBC.
Oklo also says that its micro-reactors don’t need human operators, but leaving the microreactors without human guards is not safe, in the view of Edwin Lyman, the Director of Nuclear Power Safety at the Union of Concerned Scientists, who has put together an extensive report on safety of advanced nuclear technologies.
“The biggest problem is that because the economics is so poor — they are really going against economics of scale — that the microreactor vendors are pushing to reduce (or even eliminate entirely) personnel such as operators and security officers,” Lyman tells CNBC Make It. “But even a very small reactor contains enough radioactive material to cause a big problem if it is sabotaged, and none of these reactors have demonstrated they are so safe that they can function without operators.”
The fuel that microreactors use “must be rigorously guarded against theft,” Lyman says.
Frank N. von Hippel, Senior Research Physicist and Professor of Public and International Affairs emeritus at Princeton University, also raised concerns about the economics of small reactors. And he, too, worries about the expense of what he considers necessary security.
“One issue would be what kind of security arrangements the regulatory authorities will require in a remote location: multiple guards around the clock could consume much of the gross revenue,” von Hippel tells CNBC.
(In response to these concerns, Cochran points out there are already nuclear reactors operating both in the United States and globally that “operate without security forces and have impeccable security records over many decades,” Cochran says.)
It’s also vital to realize that these plants are small. And as such “cannot reach the scale needed for broad decarbonization alone,” Gilbert says. “Microreactors can help decarbonize smaller grids but they are only the first step we need in nuclear innovation to meet our climate challenges.”
But as Cochran says, the urgent need to transition to clean energy is making pointing to a strategy of “let’s use all the tools we have.”